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Legal Provisions on Digital Documentation & Digital Signatures

For electronic signatures to be considered reliable they must satisfy the following conditions (together, the Conditions): 1. electronic signatures must be unique to the signatory (i.e. it must be uniquely linked to the person signing the document and to no other person); 2. at the time of signing, the signatory must have control over the data used to generate the electronic signature (for example, by directly affixing the electronic signature to the document); 3. any alteration to the affixed Electronic Signature, or to the document to which the signature is affixed, must be detectable (for example, by encryption of the document with a tamper-evident seal); 4. there should be an audit trail of steps taken during the signing process; and 5. signer certificates must be issued by a CA recognized by the CCA. Therefore, while executing the digital documents the above laws should be kept in mind so that the enforceability of the documents is not challenged before the court.

Legal Provisions on Digital Documentation & Digital Signatures


As we are living in the digital era and the law is also changing its facets towards adopting these technological advancements. As the digital transactions are growing the need for digital documentation as well as the legal authentication of these digital documentations is also growing. Therefore, in order to cater these needs the IT Act and Evidence Act were already amended. We often get questions about the legal validity of electronic signatures/ e-signatures and different modes of electronic signing. Now a days Digital Documentation is in Vouge and consequently electronic contracts/ e-contracts under Indian law. Under this article we discuss about (i) Recognized forms of electronic signatures under Indian law and (ii) Validity of electronic records and electronic signatures.

 

In order to discuss the validity of the electronic signatures and digital documentation, we would like to mention most recent case of Arjun Panditrao Khotkar Vs Kailash Kishanrao Goratyal decided on July 14, 20220 has now clarified the interpretation of Section 65 B of Indian Evidence Act. Confusion arose on the scope and ambit of Section 65 B as inconsistent views had been taken in three earlier decisions of Supreme Court namely – (i) Anvar PV Vs Basheer (ii) Shahfi Mohammad Vs State of Himanchal Pradesh and (iii) Tamso Bruno Vs State of Uttar Pardesh whereby the Supreme Court examined the validity of electronic evidence and electronic record and held that Section 65 (B) itself is a complete code and thus any document can be proved by following the procedure prescribed under Section 65 (B) of Indian Evidence Act. Validity of electronic agreements is further enforced through Section 10A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (“IT Act”) and Section 85A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The IT Act does not mandate the need for a physical copy of the agreement to be executed unless such a term is a mandatory provision of the agreement for it to attain validity. However, there are certain caveats on the validity of transactions and documents regarding subject matters under the First Schedule of the IT Act. Before going further on the matter we think it appropriate to elaborate few legal points on this aspect so that the it can be better understood -

 

(A) Recognized forms of electronic signatures under Indian law

 

The Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) governs the use of electronic signatures in India. The IT Act recognizes two types of e-signatures to authenticate electronic records/ documents: (a) digital signatures using asymmetric crypto systems and hash function, and (b) electronic signatures or electronic authentication techniques specified in the Second Schedule of the IT Act (Second Schedule). These Two type of Signatures can be further understood as follows –

 

 

  • Digital Signature

 

Digital signatures are technically any signature that use an asymmetric crypto system and hash function. Digital Signatures are considered a subset of electronic signatures. These are commonly available in the form of a physical token (USB) which you have to use to sign a document. This involves submitting yo of u a form (like the one available here) along with ID proofs and undergoing a video verification. Post this the USB token is issued to you.

 

  • Electronic Signatures:

 

Electronic signatures include any electronic authentication techniques or procedures specified in the Second Schedule. At present, the Second Schedule specifies the following:

 

1.     Biometric and One-Time-Password (OTP) based Aadhaar e-KYC (Know Your Customer). An example of this is also known as Aadhaar e-Sign (eSign);

 

2.     other e-KYC services apart from online Aadhaar e-KYC. These include Offline Aadhaar e-KYC, Organizational eKYC or Banking eKYC. You can find the Identity Verification Guidelines issued by Controller of Certifying Authority (CCA) for details regarding the various forms of identity verification used forms of user identification for generation of digital signature certificates; and

 

3.     e-authentication technique and procedure for creating and accessing subscriber's signature key facilitated by trusted third parties, as electronic authentication techniques and procedures. A trusted third party will be a certifying authority (CA) licensed under the IT Act.

The above methods are used to issue digital signature certificates (DSC) on successful verification of the identity and addresses credentials of the applicant. It is pertinent to note that - the DSC is issued by a CA licensed under the IT Act. A CA is an entity licensed by the CCA to issue electronic/ digital signature certificates. The CCA is the authority appointed under the IT Act to license and regulate the CAs.

 

(B) Validity of electronic records and electronic signatures

 

Section 4 and section 5 of the IT Act provides for legal recognition of electronic records and electronic signatures respectively. As per these sections, any requirement of physical records would be deemed satisfied if such records are made available and accessible electronically and any requirement of signature would be deemed satisfied if the document is authenticated by means of an electronic signature (as mentioned above) affixed in such manner as prescribed under the IT Act.


To summarize, there is no difference between the enforceability/ admissibility of Digital Signatures and other types of valid Electronic Signatures - both have the same status as handwritten signatures under Indian law. There is a presumption of validity for electronic records signed using a valid electronic signature (as recognized under the IT Act), which is treated as equivalent to a wet signature.


Please note that the criteria for electronic signature to be valid is twofold - (i) it should be considered reliable; and (ii) recognized under the Second Schedule.


For electronic signatures to be considered reliable they must satisfy the following conditions (together, the Conditions):

 

1.     electronic signatures must be unique to the signatory (i.e. it must be uniquely linked to the person signing the document and to no other person);

2.     at the time of signing, the signatory must have control over the data used to generate the electronic signature (for example, by directly affixing the electronic signature to the document);

3.     any alteration to the affixed Electronic Signature, or to the document to which the signature is affixed, must be detectable (for example, by encryption of the document with a tamper-evident seal);

4.     there should be an audit trail of steps taken during the signing process; and

5.     signer certificates must be issued by a CA recognized by the CCA.

 

Therefore, while executing the digital documents the above laws should be kept in mind so that the enforceability of the documents is not challenged before the court.

 

 

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